Preamble
In continuation of the revolutionary tradition of the Laywenranian people and supported by release from the oppressor the people of the People's Republic Laywenrania in agreement with the processes of the historical development of our epoch carried out and arranges its right to socialeconomic, national and national self-determination the developed socialist society. Fulfilled of the will to determine its fate freely steadfastly also far the way of socialism and communism, the peace, to go to the democracy and the people friendship the people gave itself this socialist condition to the People's Republic Laywenrania.
Part I Bases of the socialist society and state order
CHAPTER 1
Political bases
ARTICLE 1
(1) The People's Republic Laywenrania is a socialist state of the workers and farmers. It is the political organization of the workers in city and country under the guidance of the working class. The capital of the People's Republic Laywenrania is Misor. The state flag of the People's Republic Laywenrania consists of the colors blue-yellow-red and carries on both sides in the center the Penguin of the People's Republic Laywenrania.
ARTICLE 2
(1) All political power in the People's Republic Laywenrania is exercised of the worker in city and country. Humans are located in the center of all efforts of the socialist society and its state. The further increase of the material and cultural life level of the people on the basis of a high rate of development of socialist production, the increase of the effectiveness, the scientific-technologic progress and the growth of the productivity is the crucial task of the developed socialist society.
(2) The firm alliance of the working class with the class of the cooperative farmers, the member of intelligence and the other layers of the people, the socialist property at means of production, the line and planning of the social development after the most advanced realizations of the science forms inviolable bases of the socialist social order.
(3) The exploitation of humans by humans is to be eliminated. What the people's hands create, is the property of the people. The socialist principle of “from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs” is carried out.
ARTICLE 3
(1) The alliance of all forces of the people finds its organized expression in the National Front of the People's Republic Laywenrania.
(2) In the National Front of the People's Republic Laywenrania combines the parties and mass organizations all forces of the people to common acting for the development of the socialist society. Thus they carry out a living together of all citizens in the socialist community after the principle that each responsibility for the whole carries.
ARTICLE 4
(1) All power serves well-being of the people. It secures its peaceful life, protects the socialist society and ensures the socialist way of life of the citizens, free development of humans, protects its and guarantees the rights guaranteed in the condition.
ARTICLE 5
(1) the citizens of the People's Republic Laywenrania exercise their political power by democratically selected representative territory governments.
(2) the representative territory governments is the basis of the system of the state organs. They support themselves in their activity by active codesigning of the citizens at the preparation, execution and control of their decisions.
(3) at no time and under no circumstances can exercise others than those constitutionally planned organs national power.
ARTICLE 6
(1) The People's Republic Laywenrania, faithful to the interests of the Laywenranian people and the international obligations of all Laywenranians, has eradicated capitalist militarism and nazism on its territory, and pursues a foreign policy serving peace and socialism, international friendship and security.
(2) The People's Republic Laywenrania fosters and develops allround cooperation and friendship with the state Azhysia and the other socialist states on the basis of socialist internationalism.
(3) The People's Republic Laywenrania supports the aspirations of the peoples for freedom and independence, and fosters relations of cooperation with all states on the basis of equality and mutual respect.
(4) The People's Republic Laywenrania strives for a system of collective security in Europe and a stable order of peace in the world. It supports general disarmament.
(5) Militarist and revanchist propaganda in all forms, warmongering and the manifestation of hatred against creeds, races and nations are punished as crimes.
ARTICLE 7
(1) The state organis ensure the inviolability of the state territory of the People's Republic Laywenrania, inclusive of the air space and the territorial waters, and the protection and exploitation of the continental shelf.
(2) The People's Republic Laywenrania organizes national defence and the protection of the socialist order and the peaceful life of its citizens. The People's Defense Army and the other national defence bodies protect the socialist achievements of the people against all external attacks. In the interests of the preservation of peace and the security of the socialist state, the People's Defense Army cultivates close comradeship-in-arms with the armies of the other socialist states.
ARTICLE 8
(1) The generally accepted rules of international law serving peace and peaceful international cooperation are binding upon the state and every citizen. The People's Republic Laywenrania will never undertake a war of conquest or employ its armed forces against the freedom of another people.
CHAPTER 2
ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS, SCIENCE, EDUCATION AND CULTURE
ARTICLE 9
(1) The national economy of the People's Republic Laywenrania is based upon the socialist ownership of the means of production. It develops in accordance with the economic laws of socialism on the foundation of socialist relations of production. The socialist relations of production came into being as the result of the struggle against the economic system of monopoly capitalism, the aggressive and adventurist policy of which has hitherto brought only disaster to the Laywenranian nation. By breaking the power of the monopolies and big landowners, and by abolishing the capitalist profit economy, the source of war policy and the exploitation of man by man was swept away. Socialist ownership has stood the test.
(2) The national economy of the People's Republic Laywenrania serves the strengthening of the socialist order, the constantly improving satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of the citizens, the development of their personality and their socialist relations in society.
(3) The People's Republic Laywenrania bases itself on the principle of the planning and management of the national economy and all other spheres. The national economy of the People's Republic Laywenrania is socialist planned economy. The economic system of socialism combines central state planning and management of the basic issues of social development with the individual responsibility of the socialist commodity producer and the local organs of the state.
(4) The currency and financial system are prescribed by the socialist state. Laws govern the raising of taxes and imposts.
(5) Foreign economic relations, including foreign trade and foreign exchange economy, are the monopoly of the state.
ARTICLE 10
(1) Socialist property exists in the following forms: as nationally-owned property of society as a whole, as joint cooperative property of collectives of working people, and as the property of social organizations of citizens.
(2) It is the duty of the socialist state and its citizens to protect and increase socialist property.
ARTICLE 11
(1) The personal property of citizens and the right of inheritance are guaranteed. Personal property serves to satisfy the material and cultural needs of citizens.
(2) The rights of authors and inventors are protected by the socialist state.
(3) Property and the rights of authors and inventors shall not be used in a way contrary to the interests of society.
ARTICLE 12
(1) Mineral resources, mines, power stations, barrages and large bodies of water, the natural resources of the continental shelf, the larger industrial enterprises, banks and insurance companies, nationally-owned farms, traffic routes, the means of transport of the railways, ocean shipping and civil aviation, post and telecommunication installations, are nationally-owned property. Private ownership thereof is inadmissible.
(2) The socialist state ensures the use of nationally-owned property for the greatest benefit of society. This is served by socialist planned economy and socialist economic law. The utilization and management of nationally-owned property is in principle carried out by the nationally-owned enterprises and state institutions. The states can assign by contract the utilization and management of such property to cooperative or social organizations and associations. Such an assignment shall serve the public interest and the increase in social wealth.
ARTICLE 13
The implements, machines, equipment and buildings of agricultural, craftsmen's and other socialist cooperatives, together with the livestock of agricultural production cooperatives and the yield gained from the cooperative use of the soil and cooperative means of production, are cooperative property.
ARTICLE 14
(1) The utilization and operation of private economic undertakings and establishments for the purpose of gain must satisfy social needs, serve to increase the prosperity of the people and social wealth.
(2) The state promotes close cooperation between socialist and private economic undertakings and establishments. In conformity with the requirements of society, private enterprises may apply for state participation.
(3) Private economic associations for the establishment of economic power are not permitted.
ARTICLE 15
(1) The land of the People's Republic Laywenrania is one of its most valuable natural resources. It must be protected and utilized rationally. Land use for agriculture and forestry may only be removed from such use with the agreement of the responsible organs of the state.
(2) In the interests of the welfare of citizens, the state and society shall protect nature. The competent bodies shall ensure the purity of the water and the air, and protection for flora and fauna and the natural beauties of the homeland; in addition this is the affair of every citizen.
ARTICLE 16
Expropriations are permissible only for the public wealth, on the basis of law, and against appropriate compensation. They may only be effected if the desired public purpose cannot be achieved in any other way.
ARTICLE 17
(1) Science and research as well as the application of their findings are essential foundations of socialist society, and are fostered by the state in every respect.
(2) The People's Republic Laywenrania assures all citizens a high standard of education corresponding to the constantly increasing social requirements through the integrated socialist educational system. It enables citizens to shape socialist society and to participate creatively in the development of socialist democracy.
(3) The People's Republic Laywenrania promotes science and education with the aim of protecting and enriching society and the life of the citizens, of mastering the scientific and technological revolution as well as of guaranteeing the constant progress of socialist society.
(4) Any misuse of science directed against peace, international understanding, against the life and dignity of man, is prohibited.
ARTICLE 18
(1) Socialist national culture is one of the foundations of socialist society. The People's Republic Laywenrania fosters and protects socialist culture, which serves peace, humanism and the development of the socialist community of man. It combats imperialist anti-culture, which serves psychological warfare and the degredation of man. Socialist society promotes the cultured life of the working people, cultivates the humanistic values of the national cultural heritage and of world culture, and develops socialist national culture as the concern of the whole people.
(2) The promotion of the arts, the artistic interests and abilities of all working people, and the dissemination of artistic works and creations, are the obligation of the state and all social forces. Artistic work is based on close contact between artists and the life of the people. (3) Physical culture, sports and tourism, as elements of socialist culture, serve the all-round physical and intellectual development of citizens.
PART II Citizens and Organizations in Socialist Society
CHAPTER 1
BASIC RIGHTS AND BASIC DUTIES OF CITIZENS
ARTICLE 19
(1) The People's Republic Laywenrania guarantees to all citizens the exercise of their rights and their participation in the guidance of social development. It guarantees socialist legality and legal security.
(2) Respect for and protection of the dignity and freedom of the personality are mandatory for all state organs, all social forces and each individual citizen.
(3) Free from exploitation, oppression and economic dependence, every citizen has equal rights and manifold opportunities to develop his abilities to the full extent and to unfold his talents in socialist society unhindered, in free decision, for the welfare of society and for his own benefit. Thus he puts into practice the freedom and dignity of his personality. The relations between citizens are governed by mutual respect and assistance, by the principles of socialist morality.
(4) The conditions for acquiring and losing the citizenship of the People's Republic Laywenrania are stipulated by law.
ARTICLE 20
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the same rights and duties, irrespective of nationality, race, philosophy or religious confession, social origin or position. Freedom of conscience and freedom of belief are guaranteed. All citizens are equal before the law.
(2) Men and women have equal rights and have the same legal status in all spheres of social, state and personal life. The promotion of women, particularly with regard to vocational qualification, is a task of society and the state.
(3) Young people are especially promoted in their social and vocational development. They have every opportunity fot responsible participation in the development of the socialist order of society.
ARTICLE 21
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania is entitled to participate fully in shaping the political, economic, social and cultural life of the socialist community and the socialist state. This principle shall be applied "Participate in working, in planning, and in governing!"
(2) The right to co-determination and participation in shaping social life is guaranteed by the fact that citizens democratically elect all organs of power, and participate in their activities and in planning, managing and shaping social life; may demand account of their activities from the popular representative bodies, their deputies, and the heads of state bodies and economic bodies; express their will and their demands with the authority of their social organizations; can turn to the social, state and economic bodies and institutions with their concerns and proposals; can express their will through plebiscites.
(3) The implementation of this right to co-determination and co-shaping is at the same time a high moral obligation for each citizen. The exercise of social or state functions is recognized and supported by society and the state.
ARTICLE 22
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania who is 18 years of age on election day has the right to vote.
(2) Every citizen can be elected to local popular representative bodies if he has reached the age of 19 on election day. He can be elected to the People's Chamber if he has reached the age of 21 on election day.
(3) The management of the elections by democratically formed electoral commissions, popular discussion on basic questions of policy, and the nomination and examination of candidates by the voters, are inalienable socialist electoral principles.
ARTICLE 23
(1) The defence of peace and the socialist homeland and its achievements is the right and the honourable obligation of citizens of the People's Republic Laywenrania. Every citizen has the obligation to serve and to make a contribution to the defence of the People's Republic Laywenrania in accordance with the laws.
(2) No citizen shall participate in warlike actions which serve the oppression of a people, or the preparation of such actions.
(3) The People's Republic Laywenrania can grant asylum to citizens of other states or to stateless persons if they are persecuted for political, scientific or cultural activity in defence of peace, democracy and the interests of the working people, or because of their participation in the social and national liberation struggle.
ARTICLE 24
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the right to work. He has the right to employment and its free selection in accordance with social requirements and personal qualifications. He has the right to pay according to the quality and the quantity of the work. Men and women, adults and young people, have the right to equal pay for equal work output.
(2) Socially useful activity is an honourable duty of every citizen able to work. The right to work and the duty to work form a unity.
(3) The right to work is guaranteed: by the socialist ownership of the means of production, by the socialist planning and management of the social process of reproduction, by the steady and planned growth of the socialist productive forces and labour productivity, by the consistent implementation of the scientific and technological revolution, by the constant education and further training of citizens, and by the uniform socialist labour legislation.
ARTICLE 25
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has an equal right to education. Educational facilities are open to all. The integrated socialist educational system guarantees every citizen a continuous socialist education, training, and higher training.
(2) The People's Republic Laywenrania ensures the march forward of the people to a socialist community of universally educated and harmoniously developed people imbued with the spirit of socialist patriotism and internationalism, and possessing an advanced general and specialized education.
(3) All citizens have the right to participate in cultural life. Under the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution and increasing intellectual demands this becomes of growing significance. The state and society encourage the participation of citizens in cultural life, physical culture and sport, for the complete expression of the socialist personality and for the growing fulfilment of cultural interests and needs.
(4) In the People's Republic Laywenrania general ten-year secondary schooling is compulsory; this is provided by the ten-year general polytechnical secondary school. In certain cases the secondary schooling may be completed within the framework of vocational training or the further education of the working people. All young people have the right and the duty to learn a vocation.
(5) Special schools and training establishments exist for mentally and physically handicapped children and adults.
(6) The solution of these tasks is ensured by the state and all social forces in joint educational work.
ARTICLE 26
(1) The state ensures the possibility of transference to the next higher stage of education up to the highest of educational institutions, the universities and colleges; this is done in accordance with the performance principle, social requirements, and taking into consideration the social structure of the population.
(2) There are no tuition fees. Training allowances and free study materials are granted according to social aspects.
(3) Full-time students at the universitites, colleges and technicl schools are exempted from tuition fees. Grants and allowances are given according to social aspects and performance.
ARTICLE 27
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the right, in accordance with the spirit and the aims of this Constitution, to express his opinion freely and publicly. This right is not limited by any service or employment relationship. Nobody may be placed at a disadvantage for using this right.
(2) Freedom of the press, radio and television are guaranteed.
ARTICLE 28
(1) All citizens have the right to assemble peacefully within the framework of the principles and aims of the Constitution.
(2) The use of material prerequisites for unhindered exercise of this right, of assembly buildings, streets and places of demonstration, printing works and means of communication, is guaranteed.
ARTICLE 29
Citizens of the People's Republic Laywenrania have the right of association, in order to implement their interests in agreement with the principles and aims of this Constitution by joint action in political parties, social organizations, associations and collectives.
ARTICLE 30
(1) The person and liberty of every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania are inviolable.
(2) Limitations are permissible only in connection with punishable acts or curative treatment and must be legally based. In this respect the rights of such citizens may be limited only in so far as is legally permissbible and unavoidable.
(3) Every citizen has the right to the assistance of state and social organs for the protection of his liberty and the inviolability of his person.
ARTICLE 31
(1) Postal and telecommunications secrecy is inviolable.
(2) It may be limited only on a legal basis if it is necessary for the security of the socialist state or for criminal prosecution.
ARTICLE 32
Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the right to move freely within the state territory of the People's Republic Laywenrania within the framework of its laws.
ARTICLE 33
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the right to legal protection by the organs of the People's Republic Laywenrania when abroad.
(2) No citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania may be extradited to a foreign power.
ARTICLE 34
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the right to leisure time and recreation.
(2) The right to leisure time and recreation is guaranteed by the legal limitation of the daily and weekly working time, by a full-paid annual holiday and by the extension of the network of nationally-owned and other social recreation and holiday centres.
ARTICLE 35
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the right to the protection of his health and working capacity.
(2) This right is guaranteed by the planned improvement of working and living conditions, public health, a comprehensive social policy, the promotion of physical culture, school and public sports activities and tourism.
(3) Material security, medical aid, medicaments and other medical benefits are granted free of charge in case of illness and accidents on the basis of a social insurance system.
ARTICLE 36
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the right to social care in case of old age and invalidity.
(2) This right is guaranteed by an increasing material, social and cultural care and the care of elderly and disabled citizens.
ARTICLE 37
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the right to dwelling space for himself and his family in accordance with economic possibilities and local conditions. The state is obligated to implement this right by promoting the construction of housing, the maintenance of existing housing, and public control of the just distribution of dwelling space.
(2) There is legal protection against eviction.
(3) Every citizen has the right to the inviolability of his home.
ARTICLE 38
(1) Marriage, family and motherhood are under the special protection of the state. Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the right to respect for, protection, and promotion of his marriage and family.
(2) This right is guaranteed by the equality of man and wife in married life and family, by social and state assistance to citizens in promoting and encouraging their marriage and family. Large families, mothers and fathers living alone receive the care and support of the socialist state through special measures.
(3) Mother and child enjoy the special protection of the socialist state. Maternity leave, special medical care, material and financial support during childbirth and children's allowances are guaranteed.
(4) It is the right and the supreme duty of parents to educate their children to become healthy, happy, competent, universally educated and patriotic citizens. Parents have a right to a close and trustful cooperation with the social state and state educational institutions.
ARTICLE 39
(1) Every citizen of the People's Republic Laywenrania has the right to profess a religious creed, and to carry out religious activities.
(2) The churches and other religious communities conduct their affairs and carry out their activities in conformity with the Constitution and the legal regulations of the People's Republic Laywenrania. Details can be settled by agreement.
PART III Structure and System of State Management
ARTICLE 47
(1) The structure and activities of the state organs are determined by the aims and tasks of state power, as stipulated in this Constitution.
(2) The sovereignty of the working people, which is implemented on the basis of democratic centralism, is the fundamental principle of the state structure.
CHAPTER 1
THE PEOPLE'S CHAMBER
ARTICLE 48
(1) The People's Chamber is the supreme organ of state power in the People's Republic Laywenrania. It decides in its plenary sessions the basic questions of state policy.
(2) The People's Chamber is the sole constituent and legislative organ in the People's Republic Laywenrania. No one can limit its rights. By its activities the People's Chamber implements the principle of the unity of decision and enforcement.
ARTICLE 49
(1) The People's Chamber determines by means of laws and decisions the aims of the development of the People's Republic Laywenrania in a final manner binding on all.
(2) The People's Chamber determines the main rules for the cooperation of citizens, organizations and state organs as well as their tasks in implementing the state plans for social development.
(3) The People's Chamber guarantees the enforcement of its laws and decisions and lays down the principles to be adhered to by the Council of State, the Council of Ministers, the National Defence Council, the Supreme Court and the Procurator General.
ARTICLE 50
The People's Chamber elects the Chairman and members of the Council of State, the Chairman and members of the Council of Ministers, the Chairman of the National Defence Council, the President and judges of the Supreme Court and the Procurator General. They can be recalled at any time by the People's Chamber.
ARTICLE 51
The People's Chamber approves state treaties of the People's Republic Laywenrania, and other international legal agreements, insofar as they alter laws passed by the People's Chamber. It decides on the termination of these treaties.
ARTICLE 52
The People's Chamber decides on the state of defence of the People's Republic Laywenrania. In case of urgency the Council of State is authorized to decide on a state of defence. The Chairman of the Council of State proclaims the state of defence.
ARTICLE 53
The People's Chamber can decide to hold plebiscites.
ARTICLE 54
The People's Chamber is composed of 500 deputies. Every territory sends 5 deputies who are elected by the people for four years in free, general, equal and secret ballot.
ARTICLE 55
(1) The People's Chamber elects its Presidium for the electoral term. The Presidium is composed of the President of the People's Chamber, a vice-president and further members.
(2) The Presidium conducts the plenary sessions. Further tasks are regulated by the Standing Orders of the People's Chamber.
ARTICLE 56
(1) The deputies of the People's Chamber fulfil their responsible tasks in the interest and for the benefit of the whole population.
(2) The deputies encourage the cooperation of citizens in the drafting and enforcement of laws in cooperation with the committees of the National Front of Democratic Laywenrania, the social organizations and the state organs.
(3) The deputies maintain close contact with their electors. They are to heed their proposals, suggestions and criticisms and to ensure conscientious attention to them.
(4) The deputies explain the policy of the socialist state to its citizens.
ARTICLE 57
(1) The deputies of the People's Chamber are obligated to hold regular consultation hours and discussions and to report to their electors on their activities.
(2) A deputy who grossly infringes his duties can be recalled by his electors in accordance with the legally-established procedure.
ARTICLE 58
The deputies of the People's Chamber have the right to participate in the sessions of the local popular representative bodies in an advisory capacity.
ARTICLE 59
Every deputy has the right to put questions to the Council of Ministers and each of its members.
ARTICLE 60
(1) All state and economic organs must assist the deputies in fulfilling their tasks.
(2) The deputies of the People's Chamber enjoy the right of immunity. Limitation of their personal liberty, house searches, confiscations or prosecution are permissible only with the agreement of the People's Chamber, or between its session, the Council of State. The decision of the Council of State requires confirmation by the People's Chamber. The deputies of the People's Chamber are entitled to refuse to testify concerning persons who have confided facts to them in the course of their duties as deputies, or to whom they have confided facts in the course of their duties as deputies, and about these facts themselves.
(3) Deputies may be exposed to no professional or other personal disadvantages as a result of their activities as deputies. They are released from their ordinary occupation, insofar as this is necessary for the fulfilment of their duties as deputies. They continue to receive their salaries or wages.
ARTICLE 61
(1) The People's Chamber forms committees from among its members which closely cooperate with the voters in discussing bills and exercising a continuous check on the enforcement of laws.
(2) The committees may demand the presence of the competent ministers and heads of other state organs in their deliberations in order to obtain information. All state organs must provide the committees with the necessary information. (3) The committees have the right to call upon experts for permanent or temporary cooperation.
ARTICLE 62
(1) The People's Chamber have to meet at least every 30 days.
(2) The meetings of the People's Chamber are public. If at least 2/3 of the Deputies vote for a private conference, the public can be excluded
ARTICLE 63
(1) The People's Chamber is quorate if at least 50% of the deputies are present.
(2) The People's Chamber can come to a decision with majority. Changes of the constitution need a 2/3 majority and the agreement of the Chairman.
ARTICLE 64
(1) The People's Chamber can be dissolved before the expiration of its electoral term only on its own decision.
(2) Such a decision requires the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the elected deputies.
(3) New elections must be held at the latest on the 60th day after the expiration of the electoral term or the 45th day after the dissolution of the People's Chamber.
ARTICLE 65
(1) Bills may be presented by the deputies of the political parties or mass organizations represented in the People's Chamber, the committees of the People's Chamber, the Council of State, the Council of Ministers and the Confederation of Free Laywenranian Trade Unions.
(2) In preparing the sessions of the People's Chamber the Council of State deals with bills and examines their conformity with the Constitution.
(3) The committees of the People's Chamber discuss the bills and submit their comments to the plenary session of the People's Chamber. Their activities are supported by the Council of State.
(4) Drafts of basic laws are, prior to their passage, submitted to the people for discussion. The results of such popular discussions are to be evaluated in the final drafting.
(5) Laws passed by the People's Chamber are promulgated in the Law Gazette by the Chairman of the Council of State within one month.
(6) Laws come into force on the 14th day after their promulgation if not otherwise specified.
CHAPTER 2
THE COUNCIL OF STATE
ARTICLE 66
(1) As the organ of the People's Chamber operating between sessions of the People's Chamber, the Council of State fulfils all fundamental tasks resulting from the laws and decisions of the People's Chamber. It is responsible to the People's Chamber for its activities, except the chairman.
(2) The Chairman of the Council of State represents the People's Republic Laywenrania in international law. The Council of State decides on the conclusion of treaties by the People's Republic Laywenrania. They are ratified by the Council of State. The Council of State terminates treaties.
ARTICLE 67
(1) The Council of State is composed of the Chairman, the Vice-Chairmen, the members and the Secretary.
(2) The Vice-Chairmen, the members and the Secretary of the Council of State are elected by the People's Chamber at its first session after the new election for a term of four years.
(3) The Chairmen is appointed by the Chairmen of the People's Chamber.
(4) After the electoral term of the People's Chamber has expired the Council of State continues its activities until a new Council of State has been elected by the People's Chamber.
ARTICLE 68
When entering upon their duties the Chairman, the Vice-Chairmen, members and Secretary of the Council of State take the following oath of office to the People's Chamber: "I swear to devote my efforts to the welfare of the people of the People's Republic Laywenrania, to safeguard its Constitution and laws, to fulfil my duties conscientiously and to do justice to all."
ARTICLE 69
The Chairman directs the work of the Council of State.
CHAPTER 3
THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
ARTICLE 78
(1) The Council of Ministers organizes, on behalf of the People's Chamber, the execution of the political, economic, cultural and social tasks of the socialist state and the defence tasks assigned to it. It functions on a collective basis.
(2) The Council of Ministers works out scientifically-based prognoses, organizes the economic system of socialism and directs the planned development of the national economy.
ARTICLE 79
(1) The Council of Ministers works on the basis of the laws and decisions of the People's Chamber as well as the decrees and decisions of the Council of State. It issues regulations and decisions within the framework of the laws and decrees.
(2) The Council of Ministers directs, coordinates and controls the activities of the ministries, the other central state organs and the district councils in accordance with scientific organizational standards.
(3) The Council of Ministers decides upon the conclusion and termination of agreements in international law concluded in its name.
ARTICLE 80
(1) The Chairman of the Council of Ministers is proposed to the People's Chamber by the Chairman of the Council of State and is charged by it with forming the Council of Ministers.
(2) The Chairman and the members of the Council of Ministers are elected by the People's Chamber after new elections for a term of four years.
(3) The Chairman and members of the Council of Ministers are sworn in on the Constitution by the Chairman of the Council of State.
(4) The Council of MInisters is composed of the Chairman, the Vice-Chairman and the Ministers. It is headed by Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
(5) The Council of Ministers forms the Presidium of the Council of Ministers from its ranks. It is headed by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
(6) Each minister is responsible for the particular field assigned him. All members of the Council of MInisters are collectively accountable for its activities.
(7) The Council of Ministers is responsible and accountable to the People's Chamber. (8) After the electoral term of the People's Chamber has expired the Council of Ministers continues its work until the new Council of Ministers has been elected by the People's Chamber.
CHAPTER 4
Local Popular Representative Bodies and Their Organs
ARTICLE 81
The territorial councils decide basing on the laws about every matter that concern their territory or their citizens.
ARTICLE 82
Decisions have to be published
ARTICLE 83
The council can create commissions. These commissions organise the participation of the people at the execution of the decisions.
ARTICLE 84
The council is responsible for all of his actions and has to report regulary to the People's Chamber.
ARTICLE 85
The tasks and authority of the territorial council is determined by law.
PART IV Socialist Legality and the Administration of Justice
ARTICLE 86
Socialist society, the political power of the working people, and their state and legal system are the basic guarantees for the observance and enforcement of the Constitution in the spirit of justice, equality, fraternity and humanity.
ARTICLE 87
Society and state guarantee the rule of law by involving the citizens and their organizations in the administration of justice and the social and state control of the observance of socialist law.
ARTICLE 88
The responsibility of all leading employees in the state and economy towards citizens is guaranteed by a system of accountability.
ARTICLE 89
(1) Laws and other generally-binding statutory regulations of the People's Republic Laywenrania are published in the Law Gazette as well as in other ways.
(2) Statutory regulations issued by the local popular representative bodies and their organs are published in a suitable form.
(3) Statutory regulations may not contradict the Constitution. The Council of State decides in case of doubt on the constitutionality of the legal regulations of the Council of Ministers and other state organs.
ARTICLE 90
(1) The administration of justice serves to implement socialist legality, protect and develop the People's Republic Laywenrania and its state and social order. It protects freedom, peaceful life and the rights and dignity of man.
(2) It is the joint concern of socialist society, its state and all citizens to combat and prevent crime and other violations of law.
(3) Citizens' participation in the administration of justice is guaranteed. Details are laid down by law.
ARTICLE 91
The generally accepted norms of international law relating to the punishment of crimes against peace and humanity and of war crimes are directly valid law. Crimes of this kind do not fall under the statute of limitations.
ARTICLE 92
Jurisdiction in the People's Republic Laywenrania is exercised by the Supreme Court, the County Courts, the District Courts and the social courts within the framework of the tasks assigned them by law. In military matters jurisdiction is exercised by the Supreme Court, senior military courts and military courts.
ARTICLE 93
(1) The Supreme Court is the highest organ of jurisdiction.
(2) The Supreme Court directs the jurisdiction of the courts on the basis of the Constitution, the laws and other statutory regulations of the People's Republic Laywenrania. It ensures a uniform application of the law by all courts.
(3) The Supreme Court is responsible to the People's Chamber and, between its sessions, to the Council of State.
ARTICLE 94
(1) Only persons loyally devoted to the people and their socialist state, and endowed with a high measure of knowledge and experience, human maturity and character may be judges.
(2) The democratic election of all judges, lay judges and members of social courts guarantees that justice will be administered by men and women from all classes and sections of the people.
ARTICLE 95
All judges, lay judges and members of social courts are elected either by popular representative bodies or directly by the citizens. They account to their electors on their work. They may be recalled by their electors if they violate the Constitution or the laws or commit a serious breach of their duties.
ARTICLE 96
(1) The judges, lay judges and members of social courts are independent in their administration of justice. They are bound only by the Constitution, laws and statutory regulations of the People's Republic Laywenrania.
(2) Lay judges exercise their function as judges to the full extent and have the same voting rights as professional judges.
ARTICLE 97
With a view to safeguarding the socialist state and social order and the rights of citizens the public prosecutors' office supervises the strict adherence to socialist legality on the basis of laws and other statutory regulations. It protects citizens from violations of the law. The public procurators' office directs the struggle against penal offences and ensures that persons who have committed crimes or other legal offences are called to account before the court.
ARTICLE 98
(1) The General State Prosecutor leads the Prosecution.
(2) The General State Prosecutor calls and recalls the prosecutors. The prosecutors are responsible towards him and have to follow his directions.
(3) The General State Prosecutor is responsible to the People's Chamber and between the sessions to the State Council.
ARTICLE 99
(1) Legal responsibility is determined by the laws of the People's Republic Laywenrania.
(2) An act is punishable only if it was defined in law at the time of its commission, if the offender has acted in a culpable way, and if his guilt is proved beyond doubt. Penal laws have no retroactive effect.
(3) Every prosecution must be in accordance with the penal laws.
(4) The rights of citizens may be limited in connection with a criminal proceeding only to such an extent as is legally permissible and indispensable.
ARTICLE 100
(1) Only the judge has to decide about the legality of investigative custody. Arresteds have to see the judge at the latest a day after they arrestation.
(2) The judge or the prosecutor are responsible to watch about the legality of investigative custody permanent, as far as possible.
(3) The prosecutor have to inform the immediate family in the space of 24 hours after the first hearing by the judge. Exceptions are only allowed, if this would danger the investigation. After the danger for the investigation appears, he have to immediate inform the immediate family.
ARTICLE 101
(1) Nobody may get detracted from his legal judge.
(2) Special courts are not allowed.
ARTICLE 102
(1) Every citizen has the right, to get heard in front of the court.
(2) The defense right is guaranteed during the whole investigation.
ARTICLE 103
(1) Every citizen has the right to write petitions towards the representation of the people. There must not appear a disadvantage is somebody uses this right.
(2) The responsible organs are bound to work at the petition in the legal space and tell the citizen the result.
ARTICLE 104
The State council is responsible for complaints about the council of ministries, the supreme court or the General State Prosecutor.
ARTICLE 105 Every Citizen has the right to complain at the responsible place.
ARTICLE 106
(1) The state is responsible for damage, that hurts a citizen or his property by illegal actions through state institutions.
(2) Requirements for the government liability are regulated by law.
PART V Concluding Provisions
ARTICLE 107
The Constitution is direct and binding law.
ARTICLE 108
The Constitution may be amended only by the People's Chamber of the People's Republic Laywenrania through a law which expressly amends or supplements the text of the Constitution.